Hundreds of Alachua County parents urge translation services from school district - WCJB - Translation

GAINESVILLE, Fla. (WCJB) - Hundreds of parents in Alachua County are demanding the school district to step up efforts in providing information in different languages.

“It’s a right that any parent, any student in the school district can request,” shared Adriana Menendez with Rural Women’s Health Project. “They have the right to receive translation services. They should be able to receive information in their language.”

Menendez advocates for immigrants in the county and said she’s witnesses the problem first-hand.

“One time an only Spanish-speaking parent received a ‘no school’ notice in English,” stated Menendez. “They dropped off their child at school. When their child opened the classroom door, there was no teacher inside. There were no students inside.”

Advocates, like Ethan Maia with Gainesville Immigration Neighbor Inclusion Initiative (GINI) said the school district is not doing enough to bridge the language barrier between parents and staff.

“Many of these families are just left out completely in the dark,” shared Maia. “Or if they’re trying to reach out to the schools, they are unable to get an interpreter in their language so they can actually effectively communicate with their child’s school.”

Menendez told TV20 more than 600 parents signed a petition which requests additional translation services. Meanwhile Alachua County school district officials said they’re working on new initiatives.

“We instituted the Language Line program that allows us to communicate with parents by phone or through zoom, in 200 plus languages including American sign language so we’re getting a lot of use out of that,” shared ACPS spokesperson Jackie Johnson.

Johnson said the school district hired a Spanish translator in August 2022. According to Skyward, there are more than 4000 students who come from Spanish-speaking households in the county.

“Sometimes we ask for a translation service or for someone to translate and we have to wait a long time,” shared parent Marvin Ramos. “Assistance in other languages would also be great because people speak several languages, not just Spanish and English.”

Johnson claims district officials are working to break language and cultural barriers.

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The White House and Google launch a new virtual tour with audio captions, Spanish translation - ABC News - Translation

WASHINGTON -- Can't come to Washington? Couldn't get a ticket to tour the White House? Don't worry.

The White House, Google Maps and Google Arts & Culture launched a new virtual tour of the famous mansion on Friday, which is also National Civics Day.

With a computer or smartphone, users will be able to spend time zooming in on all of the rooms that they would have seen had they been able to go on an in-person tour.

The updated virtual tour is part of a desire by first lady Jill Biden to make the White House accessible to as many people as possible. Biden, a longtime community college professor, hopes teachers use it to educate students about the White House and its history, said Elizabeth Alexander, her spokesperson.

“Not everyone can make the trip to Washington, D.C., to tour the White House, so she's bringing the White House to them,” Alexander said.

Biden traveled to Philadelphia on Friday for a National Civics Day event hosted by Nickelodeon, ATTN: and iCivics, where they announced “Well Versed,” a new short-form series that uses animation and music to help teach children about democracy and the Bill of Rights.

She talked about the Constitutional Convention held at Philadelphia's Independence Hall in 1787, where the founders of the United States created a government in which power rested with the people, not with kings and queens.

“That’s still how our country works, and it’s one of the things that make it so special," Biden said. "And when we understand civics, how our government works and how to hold it accountable, we are able to help each other and make our country the best it can be.”

The virtual tour is the first Google virtual tour of the White House to include audio captions for people with disabilities. The captions are narrated by White House social secretary Carlos Elizondo and pop up on the screen to offer viewers historical information on each of the rooms.

It is also Google's first virtual tour of the White House to have Spanish translation, and feature the official portraits of former President Barack Obama and former first lady Michelle Obama.

The tour opens with a brief video of President Joe Biden and the first lady welcoming visitors, the same message that plays at the White House Visitors Center for those who visit in person.

Google Street View technology was used to capture the imagery, starting at the East Wing Entrance and moving through all rooms on the public tour route, including the library, the China Room, the Green, Blue and Red rooms, the East Room and the State Dining Room.

The tour was created using Google Arts & Culture’s storytelling tool.

Ben Gomes, senior vice president of learning and sustainability at Google, said the mission of its arts and culture division is to open the world's culture to people everywhere.

The tour is available on the White House website, as well as on Google Maps and the Google Arts & Culture page.

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Microsoft Says the ComSL Model Outperforms Other Models in Speech Translation - Slator - Translation

On October 14, 2023, researchers at Microsoft Cloud and AI, Microsoft Research Asia, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University published updated results for the capabilities of ComSL (Composite Speech-Language Model), a speech-language model originally introduced in a paper in May 2023.

According to the researchers, the ComSL model is based on public pretrained speech-only (audio data) and language-only (text data) models and has been optimized for spoken language tasks by integrating both modalities into its training.

The main differentiator of the ComSL model, explained the researchers, is that it outperforms the results achieved through “end-to-end modeling,” the most widely used training methodology thus far. End-to-end modeling uses audio and text data separately even if, the researchers say, they “may not be optimal for each other.”

In the composite model, the researchers obtained a simpler cross-modality learning that uses speech-text mapping/matching. The training allows the model to perform better and does not require any force-aligned speech and text.

For their methodology, the researchers applied machine translation (MT) and automated speech recognition (ASR) as what they call “auxiliary tasks” in a multi-task learning mode during the optimization of the end-to-end speech translation (ST) model.

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Multi-task learning (MTL) mode implies “sharing common knowledge among different tasks” so that the MT task can guide the ST task. However, the researchers stated that, because of the mismatch between speech and text modalities, the guidance was not as effective.

The ComSL model was trained with existing, fine-tuned models, including speech-only input and text-only input, as well as with ST, ASR, and MT as tasks and a “cross-modality learning (CML)” approach based on paired speech-text input instead of forced-alignment. 

The training steps consisted of fine-tuning the language model (with all the paired text data), multi-task learning (the tasks were ST, MT, ASR, and CML), regularization on the MT output (fine-tuning with MT tasks), and freezing speech encoder (retaining speech representations at the start of fine-tuning).

400 hours of English

The experiments in this study involved the CoVoST 2 dataset, which comprises translations from 21 languages into English and from English into 15 languages, and approximately 400 hours of English recordings and 900 hours of recordings from 21 additional languages. 

The researchers focused mainly on the non-English language into English speech translation, measuring performance with BLEU scores and the CoVoST 2 testing set. The models utilized as the baseline were Whisper and mBART-50, themselves fine-tuned with CoVoST 2.

The composite model was found to outperform the base speech model (Whisper) and the combination of speech and language models (Whisper+mBART). The incorporation of ST data contributed to a high score on the CoVoST2 testing set, and the composite model was also evaluated on speech-to-text translation tasks with better results than those known for the end-to-end modeling that includes the same tasks of ST, ASR, and MT.

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How Effective Are Large Language Models in Low-Resource Language Translation - Slator - Translation

Large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT, have shown remarkable capabilities in performing a range of language tasks, including machine translation (MT). But how effective are they when it comes to low-resource languages (LRLs)?

A research paper published on September 14, 2023, delves into the translation prowess of ChatGPT and other LLMs across a diverse set of 204 languages, encompassing both high- and low-resource languages. According to the authors, this is “the first experimental evidence for an expansive set of 204 languages.”

Nathaniel R. Robinson, Perez Ogayo, David R. Mortensen, and Graham Neubig from Carnegie Mellon University underscored the need for such an investigation, noting that there exists a wide variety of languages for which recent LLM MT performance has never been evaluated. As a result, it is difficult for speakers of the world’s diverse languages to know how and whether they can use LLMs for their linguistic needs.

In addition, the authors emphasized that “the majority of LRLs are largely neglected in language technologies” in general with current MT systems either performing poorly on them or not including them at all. “Some commercial systems like Google Translate support a number of LRLs, but many systems do not support any,” they said.

The authors pointed out that their work differs from existing studies since the focus here is on end users. The inclusion of a remarkable 204 languages, which incorporates 168 LRLs, underscores the commitment to addressing the diverse needs of LRL communities, which are frequently overlooked in the discourse on language technology. “We include more languages than any existing work […] to address the needs of various LRL communities,” they explained.

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To conduct their research, the team used data from FLORES-200 (an evaluation benchmark) and queried the OpenAI API to translate their test set from English into the target languages. 

They evaluated ChatGPT’s MT performance across the entire language set and compared it with NLLB-MOE as their baseline, as it is the current state-of-the-art open-source MT model with wide language coverage. Comparative evaluations were also carried out against results from subsets of selected languages using Google Translate and GPT-4.

In their exploration of MT prompts, they employed both zero- and five-shot approaches for ChatGPT MT. The evaluation metrics, spBLEU and chrF2++, provided a robust basis for assessing the outputs.

The results suggest that while ChatGPT models approach or even surpass the performance of traditional MT models for some high-resource languages, they consistently lag for LRLs. Notably, African languages emerge as a particular challenge, with ChatGPT underperforming traditional MT in a substantial 84.1% of the languages studied.

ChatGPT is especially bad at African languages 3/6 pic.twitter.com/CmCIRSTCtE

— Nathaniel R. Robinson (@robinson_n8) September 15, 2023

Language Resources and Costs

The researchers also examined language features, including language resources, language family, and script, to assess the effectiveness of LLMs. 

This analysis aimed to uncover trends that could guide end users in selecting the most appropriate MT system for their specific language. “Analyzing this may reveal trends helpful to end users deciding which MT system to use, especially if their language is not represented here but shares some of the features we consider,” they said.

According to the authors, a language’s resource level is the most important feature in predicting ChatGPT’s MT effectiveness, while script is the least important.

The authors stressed financial aspects as well, particularly as it pertains to LLM users. “We evaluate monetary costs, since they are a concern for LLM users,” the authors said. Few-shot prompts, despite their potential for modest improvements in translation quality, come at a higher cost due to charges for both input and output tokens.

The authors emphasized that they want to help end users of various language communities know how and when to use LLM MT. “We expect that our contributions may benefit both direct end users, such as LRL speakers in need of translation, and indirect users, such as researchers of LRL translation considering ChatGPT to enhance specialized MT systems,” they concluded.

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Interpreter says Puska asked for confession translation - RTE.ie - Translation

An interpreter has told the Central Criminal Court that the man accused of the murder of schoolteacher Ashling Murphy asked him to translate his confession to gardaí, two days after she was killed.

Miroslav Sedlacek was giving evidence at the trial of 33-year-old Jozef Puska who has pleaded not guilty to the murder of Ms Murphy in January 2022.

Miroslav Sedlacek is originally from the Czech Republic and provides translation services in German, Czech and Slovak.

On 14 January 2022, he provided translation services in Slovak twice to gardaí in St James' Hospital in Dublin, on a phone line.

He told the court the second conversation took place at around 6pm on that evening, and lasted around 20 minutes.

He said the conversation began with gardaí telling Jozef Puska about the search warrant they had and explaining that his personal belongings would have to be seized for an investigation into a murder in Tullamore.

He told the court Mr Puska wanted to know how this was related to him and wanted to know if he was a suspect. Mr Sedlacek said gardaí told him he was a person of interest and explained what this meant.

Mr Sedlacek said he remembered very well what followed after this. He said it was at this point that Mr Puska asked him personally to translate his confession.

He said Mr Puska asked him to translate accurately and exactly what he was saying. He said Mr Puska told him to tell the gardaí that he did it, that he killed her and that he did not do it intentionally.

Mr Sedlacek said this was still between him and Mr Puska before he had the chance to translate – it was quite spontaneous he said, everything came quickly.

He said Mr Puska said he did not want to do it, that he was very sorry that he did it and that it happened. Mr Sedlacek said he translated to gardaí word for word and gardaí cautioned Mr Puska. He said he translated the caution and Mr Puska said he understood.

Mr Sedlacek said Mr Puska then started asking some questions.

He said Mr Puska was very concerned about the safety of his family. His first concern was whether or not his family members’ names would go public. Gardaí said his own name would go public.

He also asked if there was any possibility the girl’s family would like to take any revenge on his own family for what he had done to her. He said gardaí explained Ms Murphy’s family would certainly not take revenge on his family.

Mr Sedlacek said Mr Puska’s voice was very different from the first conversation he had with him earlier on the same day. He said he was quite emotional and his voice was trembling, adding his sentences were quite disjointed. He said he supposed this was as a result of the situation he was in.

He said Mr Puska wanted to stress that he did not do anything intentionally.

He said the garda then told him that Mr Puska was not feeling well and they would have to end the call.

He said Mr Puska asked what would happen next and the garda explained that when he recovered he would be brought to Tullamore garda station and would be interviewed there.

Mr Sedlacek said he would describe Mr Puska as being in very low spirits after the confession. "I would even say desperate," he told the court.

Earlier, the site nurse manager at St James’ Hospital, Roz Gillen, told the court she had been approached by Detective Sergeant Pamela Nugent on the evening of 14 January. The garda had a copy of a search warrant and Ms Gillen decided to move Mr Puska to a single room.

Under cross examination from defence counsel Michael Bowman, Ms Gillen said there was never any request by gardaí to speak to a treating doctor. She was not asked to refer to his medical notes and had no understanding of Mr Puska’s state of mind or medical circumstances.

She agreed she had no function in determining the fitness of someone to deal with gardaí.

Asked if a request to deal with a treating doctor could have been accommodated, she said she did not know if a doctor would have been there as it was a Friday evening.

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The rise and inevitable fall of Joy Pocket Dictionary - The Business Standard - Dictionary

The red cover caught my attention on a recent afternoon stroll down a footpath at Old Paltan. It was a small Joy Pocket Dictionary that stood out from the hundreds of books by celebrated and amateur writers. 

I instantly recognised it. In my school days, I always carried the dictionary with me. I studied new words and found my favourite ones. Truth be told, I often forgot what I learned, so I would then try to memorise the word's meanings again. This kept on for a few years.       

There was a time when the Joy Pocket Dictionary was ubiquitous across the country. School and college-going students who wanted to improve their English language skills would always carry it. 

The Joy Dictionary had to compete with its rival Indian AT Dev's pocket-sized dictionary and lived through the tough competition of the dictionary business in the 1990s and 2000s. 

However, it was the emergence of websites, and later mobile phone applications, which ultimately proved to be the final nail in Joy Pocket Dictionary's coffin. But before it met its demise and became a thing of nostalgia, the dictionary saw outstanding business.

The highs and lows  

At the height of its popularity between 1990 to 2000, the sale of a single category of dictionary reached 10,000 copies per month. Sometimes, special discount periods like Pahela Baishakh saw higher sales. 

"We would jointly make efforts to scale up the business," said Shahid Hasan Tarafder, the owner of publishing company Gyankosh Prokashoni, adding, "The binding and the cover were also attractive." 

At the time, there were around 10 product lines including pocket dictionaries, learner's dictionaries, advanced learner's dictionaries, and Joy concise dictionaries. The company used to publish English language learning books like Six-in-One and Three-in-One. There were some religious books too.

In 1988, Shahid became the sole agent for Joy Dictionaries in Dhaka city.

He bought the copyrights in 2006. By then, the internet had already reached city homes, businesses, offices and cyber cafes in district towns, but people were not quite accustomed to it. Also, there was the factor of regular accessibility to the internet. As a result, the Joy Dictionary continued to enjoy massive popularity. 

Shahid said that Joy's pocket dictionaries, as well as the medium-sized Joy Advanced Pocket Dictionary, were sold at the same pace. The other Joy dictionaries include different versions — English-to-Bangla, Bangla-to-English and Bangla-to-Bangla. The most popular of them is still the English-to-Bangla dictionary. 

Gyankosh Prokashoni saw a boom in Joy Dictionary sales for approximately 10 years. 

However, a gradual decrease in sales started to emerge. During 2015-16 and due to the emergence of mobile phone apps, sales started to take a nosedive. Fast forward to 2023, Shahid said that the number of sales of a single dictionary has now come down to 500 copies per year. 

In 2006, the price of Joy Pocket Dictionary was more or less Tk20. Now the wholesale price is Tk40. 

Every year, Shahid's publishing company publishes around 10,000 copies of Joy dictionaries to run the whole year. The first edition of the dictionary came out in 1985. Another edition came out in 1990. But the dictionary was reprinted in 2023. 

Additionally, Shahid said more than 100 words have been added to the dictionary in the last decade by the editors.  

The rise of Joy Dictionary 

SK Ahmed was the original publisher of the Joy Pocket Dictionary. In the mid-1980s, publishing company Joy Books International started to publish the dictionary. 

"He [SK Ahmed] produced the dictionary and I would distribute the dictionaries across the country," said Shahid, now a 67-year-old man.  

"In the 2000s, at one point, SK Ahmed lost interest in the book business. He proposed that I buy out his company," recalls Shahid. "For Tk50 lakh in 2006."    

"He is one of my distant relatives, and I knew the ins and outs of the market of the Joy Dictionary," Shahid added.

He had another reason to buy out Joy Dictionary. Gyankosh, Shahid's stationary shop which started in 1980 mainly with academic textbooks, became popular with customers because of this dictionary.   

SK Ahmed Publishing Company was the first local private book publishing company to publish pocket-size and medium-size dictionaries in Bangladesh, Shahid said. 

"[And] the quality of the dictionary was always good," said Shahid. He said that many Bangladeshi publishers later took the initiative and published dictionaries but failed to replicate Joy Dictionary's success. 

Shahid also recounted how SK Ahmed had a printing press in the New Market area. "This man had the capacity to do something innovative. The Indian imported dictionaries received a blow because of the Joy Pocket Dictionary for its quality," said Shahid.  

At that time, some Indian pocket dictionaries of AT Dev reached the market in Bangladesh. But Joy Dictionary put a stop to those imports. 

However, the book-size Samsad Dictionary continued to reach Bangladesh, and to date, some still do. 

Joy turns to despair 

The making of a pocket-size dictionary is difficult. The bookbinders who once used to bind pocket-size dictionaries now show no interest. Shahid explained that the price of the paper has also contributed to the near-demise of the small-size dictionary. The profit margin has fallen significantly. 

In 2018, the price of one rim of double-demy paper stood at Tk800 to Tk900. Now one rim of the double-demy paper is Tk1,700 to Tk1,800. The wages of the bookbinders have also gone up. 

"The profits are not even half of what we used to make in the past," said Shahid.

But it is the weight of the disappearing interest in hard copy dictionaries that decided Joy Dictionary's demise. "In the past people would buy a dictionary with enthusiasm. That enthusiasm has gone away," explained Shahid.    

Currently, they sell Joy Pocket Dictionary, (English to Bengali), Joy Pocket Dictionary (Bengali to English), Joy Nobo Obidhan, Joy Advanced Pocket Dictionary (Bengali to English), Joy Standard Pocket Dictionary, Joy Shabdha Shanchayeta. 

A new dictionary on the cards?

Gyankosh Prokashoni has taken the initiative to publish a book-size Joy Advanced Learners Dictionary this year. 

"Many publishers have a book-size dictionary. As businessmen, we have to always keep up with the competition," said Shahid, adding, "We have made some progress."    

Asked about a plan to make a mobile application for Joy Dictionary, he said, "My son Abdul Wasif has gotten involved in the business and he will decide on the matter. He has some plans for something like that." 

Gyankosh Prokashoni has not changed the logo or colour of Joy Dictionary till now, having only added their names as the publisher. They even kept the name of the former publisher. The dictionary was edited by SK Ahmed in collaboration with experienced professors and headmasters. 

"I kept the name because it is a matter of courtesy and honour," said Shahid. 

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Author Sarah Ogilvie uncovers the Oxford English Dictionary's 'unsung heroes' after a surprise finding - ABC News - Dictionary

Author Sarah Ogilvie calls the Oxford English Dictionary the "great crowd-sourcing project" of the late 1800s.(Unsplash: Houcine Ncib)

Two trailblazing lesbian poets, Karl Marx's daughter and a recluse with a passion for The Courier-Mail.

They're just some of the fascinating people who contributed to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED).

But until recently, after a chance finding by Sarah Ogilvie, a former editor of the OED, many of their identities remained a secret.

There were 3,000 mysterious contributors. So who were they — and why can so many OED entries be traced back to a Queensland newspaper?

'Wikipedia of the 19th Century'

Dr Ogilvie, who is also a research fellow in linguistics at Oxford University, calls the OED the "great crowdsourcing project" of the late 1800s.

"It was the Wikipedia of the 19th century," she tells ABC RN's Sunday Extra.

The first edition of the dictionary was funded by Oxford University Press in the 1870s and was an enormous undertaking. In fact, it took 10 years to get from the start of the letter A to 'ant'.

Pip Williams, author of The Dictionary of Lost Words, a novel about the origins of the OED, has said compiling the dictionary was "akin to mapping the human genome".

Given the size of the task, the dictionary's first substantial editor, former school teacher James Murray, issued a public call-out to help.

James Murray (far right) and other editors of the Oxford English Dictionary, who worked in a "scriptorium" reviewing words sent in from all over the world.(Image: Bodleian Library, Oxford)

Volunteers from around the globe then sent in "slips" with examples of how different words were used in magazines, journals, books or newspapers.

"But until eight years ago, we never knew who all those people were," Dr Ogilvie says.

That was until she found herself in the basement of Oxford University Press, where the dictionary archive is stored, and she stumbled across Murray's old address book.

He had painstakingly catalogued contact details for the 3,000 people from all over the world who contributed to the dictionary, including which items they had sent in and more.

The discovery inspired Dr Ogilvie to research each of the contributors, a years' long project culminating in the publication of her latest book, The Dictionary People.

"I think of them as the unsung heroes of the Oxford English Dictionary," she says.

"They did this job for free, they volunteered their time. And without them, the dictionary, frankly, would never have existed."

The identities of 3,000 contributors to the first Oxford English Dictionary have been uncovered by Dr Ogilvie.(Getty: In Pictures Ltd./Corbis)

'Brilliant' women not acknowledged

From the moment Dr Ogilvie found James Murray's address book, she had a burning question: how many women had contributed to the OED?

Of the 3,000 contributors, only 234 women had previously been acknowledged.

But the address book revealed that the number was in fact much higher, at nearly 500.

Among them were the critically acclaimed poets, lesbian couple Katherine Bradley and Edith Cooper, who published poetry under the male pseudonym Michael Field.

Dr Ogilvie explains in her book that, as Field, the pair received high praise in English newspaper The Spectator and were likened by one critic to Shakespeare.

Ms Bradley and Ms Cooper's contributions to the OED included 500 slips from their friend and poet Robert Browning's Dramatic Idyls, and 750 slips from Homer's Iliad.

Other women contributors included the Brown sisters — Elizabeth, a self-taught astronomer, and author Jemima — who between them contributed 16,000 slips.

"These women were denied access to universities at the time," Dr Ogilvie says.

"But of course they were brilliant, and wanted to use their minds. This was a terrific way for them to do that."

Along with her author sister Jemima, astronomer Elizabeth Brown contributed 16,000 slips.(The Journal of the British Astronomical Association/Public Domain)

One woman who receives less praise in The Dictionary People is Karl Marx's daughter, Eleanor. 

She is included in Dr Ogilvie's chapter H for Hopeless Contributors, where she writes that Marx contributed 144 entries in 1881. She believed, incorrectly, that she would be paid for her work, which Mr Murray claimed was "close to useless". 

Finally given credit

Women like Bradley, Cooper and many others have long gone unacknowledged for their work in establishing the OED.

In 1928, a celebratory dinner was held in London to commemorate the "completion" of the dictionary, at 400,000 words and 15,000 pages.

The event, which took place at Goldsmiths' Hall, seated 150 men in black tie. The then-UK Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin gave a speech.

UK Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin launched the dictionary with a speech in 1928 at Goldsmiths' Hall. (Getty: Central Press/Hulton Archive)

Dr Ogilvie writes that of the "dictionary people" (those who had contributed listings) invited to the event, just three were women.

They sat in silence during proceedings and "were not allowed to sit at the table with men".

Women were not allowed to sit with men at Goldsmiths' Hall, and watched proceedings from a balcony. (Getty Images: Biblioteca Ambrosiana)

Their exclusion was a key motivation for Dr Ogilvie putting together her book.

"I really wanted to shine a light on these women, and give them credit finally," she says.

One man, 100,000 slips and The Courier-Mail

Although the OED now employs 75 people who work on the dictionary daily, it still relies on crowdsourcing.

Among the contemporary contributors was a particularly dedicated Brisbane enthusiast named Chris Collier.

Dr Ogilvie found around 200 Australians who sent slips to the OED, but Mr Collier's contribution was among the most substantial.

Over three decades, he sent in as many as 100,000 words, all from a single source: Queensland newspaper The Courier-Mail.

One Brisbane-based contributor sent over 100,000 slips to Oxford from The Courier-Mail.(ABC Western Queensland: Ellie Grounds)

"He would send in a bundle of slips that were eccentrically wrapped in cornflake packet boxes, with bits of dog hair stuck on them," Dr Ogilvie says.

The nightly habit of collecting quotations started in 1975, after he read an article in the same paper asking for public contributions, and continued until he died in 2010.

In 2006, Dr Ogilvie organised to meet with Mr Collier, in what he called his "office": a park behind his local pub.

"He was a terrific, eccentric person," she says.

She asked if he would accept a paid flight to Oxford to recognise the extent of his contributions.

"He thought about the offer for a second, but then said, 'Oh, I couldn't possibly. Just imagine all the Courier-Mails waiting for me when I got home'."

What Mr Collier didn't know was that Dr Ogilvie had kickstarted a process to have him recognised with an Order of Australia, but he died before it could be completed.

His legacy, however, lives on in a statistical quirk.

The OED now contains more quotations from The Courier-Mail than Virginia Woolf, T.S. Eliot or the Book of Common Prayer.

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