Wednesday, May 17, 2023

These Are The Kids' Dictionaries Actual Librarians Recommend - HuffPost - Dictionary

Absurd Words, Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary and Oxford First Illustrated Dictionary.
Bookshop
Absurd Words, Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary and Oxford First Illustrated Dictionary.

In my day, when I didn’t know a word, I had to hunt for it in a big, black, tiny-font dictionary. Of course, kids these days have Chromebooks, iPads and all sorts of other technological devices to help them with spelling, vocab and reading comprehension. They also have an abundance of engaging, colorful, fun and age-appropriate dictionaries made just for them.

“A quality children’s dictionary gives its readers a standard, basic definition of everyday words,” said Lisa Julien-Hayes, head of children’s services at my hometown library, the Swampscott Public Library in Swampscott, Massachusetts, noting that offering an example sentence for each word is also a “key feature” of a quality children’s dictionary.

Julien-Hayes said classic children’s dictionaries are usually geared towards kids between the ages of 8 and 12, or across elementary and middle school. They contain fewer words and definitions than traditional dictionaries and have fewer historical and language references. Kids’ dictionaries are also indexed differently than adult dictionaries, Julien-Hayes said. For example, a children’s dictionary could have a large section for words A-Z, and then may contain helpful reference information like grammar and language guides, numbers and measurement tables and even maps and geographical information.

While certainly all of these things are online, Erin Wilson, a children’s and adult fiction assistant at the Whitby Public Library in Whitby, Ontario, said printed, physical children’s dictionaries teach young readers problem-solving and independence. When they’re reading a book and see a word they don’t know, or if they’re pronouncing something wrong or wondering about the spelling, they can feel empowered to teach themselves by diving into a user-friendly dictionary.

“Many people underestimate children and what they’re capable of understanding,” Wilson said. “If you have an avid reader, having a dictionary nearby will not only increase their vocabulary in the long run but will also help with their enjoyment of the book they’re reading!”

To help you find the best children’s dictionaries for your personal library, Wilson and Julien-Hayes shared their favorites.

HuffPost may receive a share from purchases made via links on this page. Every item is independently selected by the HuffPost Shopping team. Prices and availability are subject to change. The experts we consulted for this story do not necessarily endorse the products ahead unless otherwise noted.

1
Amazon
A solid and classic kids’ dictionary descended from the very first American dictionary
Lisa Julien-Hayes of the Swampscott Public Library in Swampscott, Massachusetts, and Erin Wilson of Ontario’s Whitby Public Library both recommend the new edition of the Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary.

"[It's] more of a traditional dictionary," Wison said. "It still has simple black-and-white photos and illustrations to break up the text. It also includes some pop-ups with synonyms and word histories for those looking for a little extra. Kids really do love facts!"

$17.69 at Amazon$27.89 at Bookshop
2
Amazon
A silly-in-a-good-way illustrated dictionary
As Wilson says, making reading fun is a great way to inspire your little one to grow up loving words and books. For something a little different and way more exciting than any tiny-print boring grownup dictionary, Wilson loves the silly, "Absurd Words."

"Dictionaries don't have to be boring!" Wilson said. "This book is full of bright colors, silly illustrations, and some very interesting vocabulary words that could be easily overlooked in a regular dictionary."

$13.39 at Amazon$15.80 at Bookshop
3
Amazon
A pictured-filled dictionary from Scholastic that offers a ton of supplemental reference material
Julien-Hayes also recommended the Scholastic Children's Dictionary. It’s filled with extra knowledge like maps, county flags, measurement tables and language guides. It's a great resource for super inquisitive kids that love learning and always want to know more.
$16.39 at Amazon$20.45 at Bookshop
4
Amazon
A colorful dictionary punctuated with pretty illustrations
Wilson emphasized that although they may sound interchangeable, illustrated dictionaries are different than picture dictionaries. Picture dictionaries are generally used for kids that can't read yet, to teach them words, whereas illustrated dictionaries are essentially just good-looking dictionaries.

"Illustrated dictionaries will illustrate certain definitions on the page and make the book more visually appealing," Wilson said. "[They're] more familiar to children who are used to reading picture books."

Wilson recommends the Oxford First Illustrated Dictionary. "The definitions are simple and approachable, and each page has a colorful illustration to keep the kids engaged."

$14.90 at Amazon$8.58 at Abe Books
5
Amazon
A picture dictionary teaching 150 essential words for new or early readers
Picture dictionaries can help younger kids, English-language leaners or kiddos struggling with reading to learn words. “Picture dictionaries are less focused on definitions and more focused on picture/word association,” Wilson said. “A huge part of early literacy is connecting the two — which is why it’s so important to read to your children!"

The librarians didn't recommend a particular picture dictionary, so we chose Merriam-Webster's “150 First Words.” It has a ton of 5-star reviews on Amazon, with people calling it an "appropriate everyday realistic book" for teaching sight words to a little one.

$9.19 at Amazon$10.22 at Bookshop
6
Amazon
An illustrated dictionary with reading resources
A great "grow with me" dictionary, the Oxford First Dictionary was recommended by Julien-Hayes. It contains learning photos, colors, shapes and more pre-K learning resources, but also has a full A-Z word section as well as spelling and grammar tips and activities.
$20.79 at Amazon$5.97 at Abe Books
7
Amazon
A contemporary children's dictionary featuring of-the-moment vocabulary
Julien-Hayes also recommends the American Heritage Children's Dictionary. This one contains more contemporary words like "android" and "vegan," and also features quotes from popular young adult and children's books showing off the words in sentences.
$17.59 at Amazon$20.45 at Bookshop
Go To Homepage

Adblock test (Why?)

Join the word party this week for Dictionary Week - PIX11 New York News - Dictionary

[unable to retrieve full-text content]

Join the word party this week for Dictionary Week  PIX11 New York News

Tuesday, May 16, 2023

Apple Proposes New Solution for Multilingual Machine Translation - Slator - Translation

Currently, most machine translation (MT) systems are English-centric, resulting in a process called pivoting when translating between two non-English languages. This process involves translating to English and then translating to the target language, which, in turn, can lead to so-called error cascades, such as losing important information about gender and formality or increased latency.

Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (MNMT) aims to improve the quality of translations between non-English languages by reducing latency and avoiding error cascades that occur when translating through English. However, training multilingual models is not an easy task, as the more languages added, the more they compete for the model’s parameters.

Increasing model size is not always a viable solution, as it may lead to difficulties in training, slower inference, and larger storage requirements, researchers from Apple explained in a research paper published on May 4, 2023.

To address this issue, the researchers proposed a new solution called Language-Specific Transformer Layers (LSLs). This method increases model capacity per language while allowing sharing of knowledge between languages without increasing the inference cost.

The proposed architecture includes shared and language-specific weights, where some layers of the encoder are source or target language-specific, while the remaining layers are shared. “The idea of LSLs is simple: instead of sharing the same parameters across all languages, have the weights for the layer be language-specific,” said the researchers.

2023 Language Industry Market Report (MAIN TITLE IMAGE)

Slator 2023 Language Industry Market Report

140-page flagship report on market-size, LLM and GPT impact, TMS, AI dubbing, interpreting, game loc, market outlook, and more.

This method “benefits from having both language-specific and shared components, as well as from having source and target language-specific components,” they added.

LSLs consist of one “regular” Transformer encoder layer per language. The input is routed to the appropriate sub-layer based on the source or target language, and only one sub-layers is used at any given time. 

Simply replacing all layers in the Transformer with LSLs would increase the number of parameters and decrease sharing between languages, explained the researchers. To avoid this, they suggest using a combination of LSLs and regular Transformer layers, which enables the model to learn both shared and language-specific weights. 

Discovering the Best Architecture

To automatically determine which layers should be shared and which should be source- or target-indexed LSLs, the researchers proposed a neural architecture search (NAS) inspired approach. NAS utilizes optimization algorithms to discover and design the best architecture for a neural network for a specific need.

​​In addition, the researchers found that initializing all encoder weights from a pre-trained architecture consisting only of “regular” Transformer layers helped to achieve better performance. They used pre-trained weights from their baseline architectures to initialize the language-specific modules. 

MT Exper-in-the-Loop Report Page

Slator Machine Translation Expert-in-the-Loop Report

60-page report on the interaction between human experts and AI in translation production, including AI-enabled workflows, adoption rates, postediting, pricing models.

According to them, this approach maximizes cross-lingual transfer, mitigates under-trained language-specific components for low-resource languages, and improves convergence speed for architectures with LSLs.

Substantial Gains

In their experiments, they focused on ten languages, including English, German, Spanish, French, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Swahili, and Chinese. The proposed approach resulted in substantial gains for both high-resource — such as English and German — and low-resource languages — such as Korean or Swahili.

The researchers highlighted that using multilingual instead of bilingual translation systems can help reduce gender bias that arises due to pivoting through English. They also said that their proposed architecture can lead to smaller and faster-to-train models compared to similarly-performing baselines, which can enhance the efficiency of translation systems.

Adblock test (Why?)

These Are The Kids' Dictionaries Actual Librarians Recommend - HuffPost - Dictionary

Absurd Words, Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary and Oxford First Illustrated Dictionary.
Bookshop
Absurd Words, Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary and Oxford First Illustrated Dictionary.

In my day, when I didn’t know a word, I had to hunt for it in a big, black, tiny-font dictionary. Of course, kids these days have Chromebooks, iPads and all sorts of other technological devices to help them with spelling, vocab and reading comprehension. They also have an abundance of engaging, colorful, fun and age-appropriate dictionaries made just for them.

“A quality children’s dictionary gives its readers a standard, basic definition of everyday words,” said Lisa Julien-Hayes, head of children’s services at my hometown library, the Swampscott Public Library in Swampscott, Massachusetts, noting that offering an example sentence for each word is also a “key feature” of a quality children’s dictionary.

Julien-Hayes said classic children’s dictionaries are usually geared towards kids between the ages of 8 and 12, or across elementary and middle school. They contain fewer words and definitions than traditional dictionaries and have fewer historical and language references. Kids’ dictionaries are also indexed differently than adult dictionaries, Julien-Hayes said. For example, a children’s dictionary could have a large section for words A-Z, and then may contain helpful reference information like grammar and language guides, numbers and measurement tables and even maps and geographical information.

While certainly all of these things are online, Erin Wilson, a children’s and adult fiction assistant at the Whitby Public Library in Whitby, Ontario, said printed, physical children’s dictionaries teach young readers problem-solving and independence. When they’re reading a book and see a word they don’t know, or if they’re pronouncing something wrong or wondering about the spelling, they can feel empowered to teach themselves by diving into a user-friendly dictionary.

“Many people underestimate children and what they’re capable of understanding,” Wilson said. “If you have an avid reader, having a dictionary nearby will not only increase their vocabulary in the long run but will also help with their enjoyment of the book they’re reading!”

To help you find the best children’s dictionaries for your personal library, Wilson and Julien-Hayes shared their favorites.

HuffPost may receive a share from purchases made via links on this page. Every item is independently selected by the HuffPost Shopping team. Prices and availability are subject to change. The experts we consulted for this story do not necessarily endorse the products ahead unless otherwise noted.

1
Amazon
A solid and classic kids’ dictionary descended from the very first American dictionary
Lisa Julien-Hayes of the Swampscott Public Library in Swampscott, Massachusetts, and Erin Wilson of Ontario’s Whitby Public Library both recommend the new edition of the Merriam-Webster Children's Dictionary.

"[It's] more of a traditional dictionary," Wison said. "It still has simple black-and-white photos and illustrations to break up the text. It also includes some pop-ups with synonyms and word histories for those looking for a little extra. Kids really do love facts!"

$17.69 at Amazon$27.89 at Bookshop
2
Amazon
A silly-in-a-good-way illustrated dictionary
As Wilson says, making reading fun is a great way to inspire your little one to grow up loving words and books. For something a little different and way more exciting than any tiny-print boring grownup dictionary, Wilson loves the silly, "Absurd Words."

"Dictionaries don't have to be boring!" Wilson said. "This book is full of bright colors, silly illustrations, and some very interesting vocabulary words that could be easily overlooked in a regular dictionary."

$13.39 at Amazon$15.80 at Bookshop
3
Amazon
A pictured-filled dictionary from Scholastic that offers a ton of supplemental reference material
Julien-Hayes also recommended the Scholastic Children's Dictionary. It’s filled with extra knowledge like maps, county flags, measurement tables and language guides. It's a great resource for super inquisitive kids that love learning and always want to know more.
$16.39 at Amazon$20.45 at Bookshop
4
Amazon
A colorful dictionary punctuated with pretty illustrations
Wilson emphasized that although they may sound interchangeable, illustrated dictionaries are different than picture dictionaries. Picture dictionaries are generally used for kids that can't read yet, to teach them words, whereas illustrated dictionaries are essentially just good-looking dictionaries.

"Illustrated dictionaries will illustrate certain definitions on the page and make the book more visually appealing," Wilson said. "[They're] more familiar to children who are used to reading picture books."

Wilson recommends the Oxford First Illustrated Dictionary. "The definitions are simple and approachable, and each page has a colorful illustration to keep the kids engaged."

$14.90 at Amazon$8.58 at Abe Books
5
Amazon
A picture dictionary teaching 150 essential words for new or early readers
Picture dictionaries can help younger kids, English-language leaners or kiddos struggling with reading to learn words. “Picture dictionaries are less focused on definitions and more focused on picture/word association,” Wilson said. “A huge part of early literacy is connecting the two — which is why it’s so important to read to your children!"

The librarians didn't recommend a particular picture dictionary, so we chose Merriam-Webster's “150 First Words.” It has a ton of 5-star reviews on Amazon, with people calling it an "appropriate everyday realistic book" for teaching sight words to a little one.

$9.19 at Amazon$10.22 at Bookshop
6
Amazon
An illustrated dictionary with reading resources
A great "grow with me" dictionary, the Oxford First Dictionary was recommended by Julien-Hayes. It contains learning photos, colors, shapes and more pre-K learning resources, but also has a full A-Z word section as well as spelling and grammar tips and activities.
$20.79 at Amazon$5.97 at Abe Books
7
Amazon
A contemporary children's dictionary featuring of-the-moment vocabulary
Julien-Hayes also recommends the American Heritage Children's Dictionary. This one contains more contemporary words like "android" and "vegan," and also features quotes from popular young adult and children's books showing off the words in sentences.
$17.59 at Amazon$20.45 at Bookshop
Go To Homepage

Adblock test (Why?)

Who killed the EU’s translators? - POLITICO Europe - Translation

Voiced by Amazon Polly

Artificial intelligence has taken its first bite out of the Brussels bubble.

High-tech machines that can run through Eurocratic jargon at record speed have replaced hundreds of translators working for the EU, downsizing one of the largest and oldest departments among the multilingual Brussels institutions. 

And this might be just the start, as new AI tools have the potential to further replace humans. 

Translators are essential cogs in the complex EU machine, as every single official text must be translated in the EU’s 24 working languages before entering into force.

Until a few years ago, this herculean task was carried out by humans alone. But no longer. 

Figures from the European Commission, the EU’s executive branch, indicate that its translation unit shrank by 17 percent over the last decade as it expanded its use of machine translation.

EU translation lifers feel little nostalgia for the old days, when they spent hours flipping through dusty dictionaries and typing up hefty documents. 

Technology saves time, said veteran translator Markus Foti, who now heads the Commission’s machine translation division.

The time I would spend walking to the local library … in 1999 or whatever, and looking up at the relevant paragraph to be able to type it in, can now be spent on actually translating,” Foti told POLITICO.

But translators insist that their death is greatly exaggerated. Although the job is adapting to AI, the human element remains essential, they say. 

“The world is changing, and translation cannot be left behind,” said Spyridon Pilos, a former Commission official who oversaw the introduction of translation engines in 2013. 

“Machine translation helps translators but cannot replace them. There is always a need for human expert validation.”

How translation went digital

As new member states joined the club in the early 2000s, ultimately increasing the number of official EU languages to 24, the EU developed more efficient tools as its translation output soared.

The Commission had to shelve its old translation system, as it was ill-equipped to work around languages of new joiners from Eastern Europe.

“That was a rule-based system where you really had to create dictionaries, grammatical rules and transformation rules. So it was very cumbersome and work-intensive,” said Dieter Rummel, the head of informatics at the Commission’s translation unit. 

The workload of Commission translators went from about 2 million pages in 2013 to 2.5 million in 2022, according to a spokesperson from the EU’s executive. 

A new data-driven engine was launched in 2013 — only to be replaced four years later by an even more sophisticated and better-performing translation system. That one uses an artificial neural network, or computer nodes in a structure that mimics neurons, to predict the sequence of words.

These advanced tools are good value for money, as they allow fewer staffers to translate an expanding bulk of EU legislation. 

But this came at a massive cost for the translators themselves. 

Permanent staffers in the Commission’s dedicated translation unit — known in Brussels jargon as DGT — dwindled from around 2,450 in 2013 to around 2,000 in 2023, according to the EU’s executive.

During this same period, mental health issues and cases of burnout rose significantly among translators according to Cristiano Sebastiani, who is the president of Renouveau et Démocratie, a trade union representing EU employees. 

This was caused by an increasing workload and pressure to perform, he said.

Outsourcing increased over the last decade — up from 26 percent of DGT’s total output in 2013 to 36 percent in the first quarter of 2023 — as the Commission outsourced the ballooning workload.

The Commission’s spending on translation increased from €26.5 million in 2012 to €35.8 million in 2023 due to a surge in the outsourcing budget (from €12.6 million in 2012 to €20.4 million in 2022), according to its own figures.

“Defending multilingualism isn’t a popular battle — because it’s expensive,” Sebastiani said. 

He believes the cut in translation jobs threatens to weaken the EU’s multilingualism to the benefit of the English language.  

But Sheila Castilho, who chairs a translation master’s degree program at Dublin City University, points out that translators specializing in less common languages have an easier time entering the Commission, since there’s less competition around rarer tongues. 

“Irish students have loads of offers from DGT all the time,” said Castilho, adding that the Commission often approaches her for referrals of students.

Life after AI

Disgruntled young translators complain that they are bearing the brunt of automation, as entry-level jobs at the Commission have become fewer despite the increased workload. 

They also say that there are more people retiring than hires to replace them, and that they therefore have fewer opportunities than previous generations. 

The annual number of new translator recruitments dropped from 112 in the year 2013 to 59 in 2022, according to the EU’s executive.

Aspiring EU translators have taken to social media to complain about their struggles in finding a job in the Brussels institutions.

“It seems like there never is a vacancy for translation, linguistic assistance, proofreading,” complained one aspiring EU translator posting anonymously on Facebook.

But not everything is gloomy in the EU translators’ bubble, as humans are still needed to carry out sensitive tasks. 

Pilos stresses that “the translator always has the [ultimate] responsibility, and is accountable for the results” — especially when it comes to important texts. 

“For those ones [urgent speeches], they still prefer people to translate from scratch especially because it’s sensitive. It cannot leak,” said Castilho.

The Commission had to shelve its old translation system, as it was ill-equipped to work around languages of new joiners from Eastern Europe | James Arthur/AFP via Getty Images

EU translators stress that their daily routine is evolving toward spotting mistakes and adapting machine-translated texts to EU speech.  

In translators’ jargon, this is known as “post editing” and is becoming an increasingly important part of the job. 

“I already know that I probably won’t be translating for the rest of my life,” said a young Council translator who spoke on condition of anonymity since she is not authorized to speak to the media. She added that post editing will likely be the bulk of her work in the future. 

And marketing firms outside the EU bubble are increasingly turning to so-called transcreators to repackage messages for a targeted audience.

Translators also hope that the EU’s increasing use of social media might create new opportunities. 

“Most official EU accounts on social media are in English, but that might mean that not everyone feels involved,” said the Council translator.

“I wonder how that will change our profession.”

Adblock test (Why?)

Monday, May 15, 2023

James Gunn Urges His Haters To Read the Dictionary After They Fail To Comprehend What an Adaptation Is - We Got This Covered - Dictionary

Cosmo in 'The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special'
Image via Marvel Studios

Not every filmmaker is as communicative as James Gunn.

Following the release of your typical film, very few directors take up vigil on the web, combing through questions related to their release and answering them for curious fans. Yet this is exactly what Gunn has been up to over the last week, as a flood of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 related questions hit social media. He’s been particularly active on Twitter, where the celebrated director is taking the time to clue curious viewers into some of the background details sprinkled through Guardians Vol. 3.

He’s already let us down easy, following questions about seeing more of Rocket’s experimental friends, dug into some of the major canon changes he made for the film, and now Gunn is providing his fans — and at least a few of his haters — with a lesson in linguistics, following complaints about adaptations.

A few fans, in particular, really seem rankled by Gunn’s decision to alter some of the details contained within the original Marvel comics. They’ve been whinging, over on Twitter, for hours now, in the comment section of yet another question Gunn was willing to address. Twitter users @Logan78106803 and @Notgoingsane started the discussion with a question about Cosmo’s gender, before doubling down on their misunderstanding of the term “adaptation.”

See, in the original Marvel comics, Cosmo is a male dog. Gunn altered this canon marginally to make her female, in order to pay proper homage to Laika, a Russian dog who became one of the first animals to ever travel to space. She died, several hours into her groundbreaking voyage, and her sacrifice is at least partially honored through Gunn’s minor reworking of her comic book origins.

But that simple change was enough to infuriate our two naysayers, who promptly filled Gunn’s comment section with complaints about comic accuracy. Insisting that “it makes no sense” to change characters in any way, shape, or form. @Notgoingsane dug in their heels and refused to budge. Even after Gunn pointed out that they were perhaps in need of a dictionary, in order to understand just what the word “adaptation” truly means.

Claiming to be a “comics purist” is all well and good, but — as Gunn pointed out — Cosmo’s gender-swap is one of the most minor alterations the director made to longstanding Guardians canon. He also changed the races of several characters — including longtime members like Drax and Mantis — but that wasn’t enough to deter our primary naysayer. He continued to double down on his misunderstanding of the word “adapt,” as he essentially advocated for 100 percent accurate comic retellings with absolutely no artistic wiggle room.

Gunn, who finally tired of the debate, simply advised his detractor to research the meaning of the word “adapt” before arguing any further. This could have prevented the entire dispute, had @Notgoingsane pivoted over to Merriam Webster, which clearly outlines that an adaptation is a “composition rewritten into a new form.” See that “rewritten” in there? It indicates that, in most adaptations, things are going to look a touch different from the original.

After all, isn’t that the real point of an adaptation? We already have the original — if you want to enjoy that, you’ve got access. But an adaptation takes that original and reworks it into something new. It maintains plenty of elements from the original, but it genuinely wouldn’t be an adaptation if it was a precise replica.

None of this is likely to convince @Notgoingsane any time soon, of course, but Gunn’s not shying away from the debate. He’d just like it if his fans came to the discussion armed with the knowledge of what specific words mean.

About the author

Nahila Bonfiglio

Nahila Bonfiglio

Nahila carefully obsesses over all things geekdom and gaming, bringing her embarrassingly expansive expertise to the team at We Got This Covered. She is a Staff Writer and occasional Editor with a focus on comics, video games, and most importantly 'Lord of the Rings,' putting her Bachelors from the University of Texas at Austin to good use. Her work has been featured alongside the greats at NPR, the Daily Dot, and Nautilus Magazine.

Adblock test (Why?)

Alison Strayer on the Oeuvre of Annie Ernaux and Translating Her Legacy - Literary Hub - Translation

For tens of thousands of years, human beings have been using fictional devices to shape their worlds and communicate with one another. Four thousand years ago they began writing down these stories, and a great flourishing of human achievement began. We know it today as literature, a term broad enough to encompass everything from ancient epic poetry to contemporary novels. How did literature develop? What forms has it taken? And what can we learn from engaging with these works today?

Hosted by Jacke Wilson, an amateur scholar with a lifelong passion for literature, The History of Literature takes a fresh look at some of the most compelling examples of creative genius the world has ever known.

Jacke talks to Alison Strayer, translator of several books by French author Annie Ernaux, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 2022. Plus he talks to author and Chekhov expert Bob Blaisdell about his choice for the last book he will ever read.

Annie Ernaux has written some twenty works of fiction and memoir, including Getting Lost and The Years. She is considered by many to be France’s most important writer. Alison Strayer is a Canadian writer and translator. She won the Warwick Prize for Women in Translation, and her work has been shortlisted for the Governor General’s Award for Literature and for Translation, the Grand Pix du live de Montreal, the Prix littéraire France-Québec, and the Man Booker International Prize. Bob Blaisdell, author of Chekhov Becomes Chekhov, is Professor of English at the City University of New York’s Kingsborough College and the author of Creating Anna Karenina.

________________________

Subscribe now on iTunes, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Android, Stitcher, or wherever else you find your podcasts!



Adblock test (Why?)