Electronic Dictionary Market Rising Trends and Technology Outlook 2021 to 2027 – KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper - KSU | The Sentinel Newspaper - Dictionary

The Electronic Dictionary Market report 2021-2027 presents an in-depth assessment of key trends, current scenarios, challenges, standardization, regulatory landscape and deployment models. Historical and futuristic case studies, opportunities, future road-map, value chain, Key player profiles, and strategies lead to builds stronger business decisions. This report covers the pre and post Covid-19 impact analysis and gives expert reviews to overcome from it. The report also presents forecasts for Electronic Dictionary from 2021 till 2027.

Global Electronic Dictionary Market will grow around at 8.18% CAGR in terms of revenue, by 2027.

Inquire for a Free sample Copy before purchasing of this Report:

https://ift.tt/3dPVS2P

The report presents the market competitive landscape and a corresponding detailed analysis of the major vendors/key players in the market. Top Companies in the Global Electronic Dictionary Market: Wisebrave, Sharp Electronics, Casio Computer Co., Ltd., IFLYTEK, Ectaco Inc., Noah Technology Holding, Hanvon, Inventec Besta Co., Ltd., Canon Electronic Business Machines, Alfa Link, and others.

Global Electronic Dictionary Market Split by Product Type and Applications:

This report segments the global Electronic Dictionary market on the basis of Types are:

Students Dictionaries

Business and Travel Dictionaries

Professional Electronic Dictionaries

On the basis of Application, the Global Electronic Dictionary market is segmented into:
K-12 Students

Above K-12 Students

Business Professionals

Regional Analysis For Electronic Dictionary Market:

North America (The United States, Canada, and Mexico)
Europe (Germany, France, UK, Russia, and Italy)
Asia-Pacific (China, Japan, Korea, India, and Southeast Asia)
South America (Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, etc.)
The Middle East and Africa (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Egypt, Nigeria, and South Africa)

Browse the Report Description And TOC:

https://ift.tt/3gG1Q8o

Influence of the Electronic Dictionary Market Report:

-Comprehensive assessment of all opportunities and risks in the Electronic Dictionary market.
-The detailed study of business strategies for the growth of the Electronic Dictionary market-leading players.
-Conclusive study about the growth plot of the Electronic Dictionary market for forthcoming years.
-In-depth understanding of Electronic Dictionary market-particular drivers, constraints, and major micro markets.
-Favorable impression inside vital technological and market latest trends striking the Electronic Dictionary market.

What are the market factors that are explained in the report?

-Key Strategic Developments: The study also includes the key strategic developments of the market, comprising R&D, new product launch, M&A, agreements, collaborations, partnerships, joint ventures, and regional growth of the leading competitors operating in the market on a global and regional scale.

-Key Market Features: The report evaluated key market features, including revenue, price, capacity, capacity utilization rate, gross, production, production rate, consumption, import/export, supply/demand, cost, market share, CAGR, and gross margin. In addition, the study offers a comprehensive study of the key market dynamics and their latest trends, along with pertinent market segments and sub-segments.

-Analytical Tools: The Global Electronic Dictionary Market report includes the accurately studied and assessed data of the key industry players and their scope in the market by means of a number of analytical tools. The analytical tools such as Porter’s five forces analysis, SWOT analysis, feasibility study, and investment return analysis have been used to analyse the growth of the key players operating in the market.

We also offer customization on reports based on specific client requirement:

1- Free country level analysis for any 5 countries of your choice.

2- Free Competitive analysis of any market players.

3- Free 40 analyst hours to cover any other data points

About Us:

MarketInsightsReports provides syndicated market research on industry verticals including Healthcare, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), Technology and Media, Chemicals, Materials, Energy, Heavy Industry, etc. MarketInsightsReports provides global and regional market intelligence coverage, a 360-degree market view which includes statistical forecasts, competitive landscape, detailed segmentation, key trends, and strategic recommendations.

Contact Us:

Irfan Tamboli (Head of Sales) – Market Insights Reports

Phone: + 1704 266 3234 | +91-750-707-8687

sales@marketinsightsreports.com | irfan@marketinsightsreports.com

Translation & Identity~II - The Statesman - Translation

Tagore’s caveat has not lost its relevance even in 21st century, more than 114 years after the essay was first published. Tagore had remarked, “Do not expect me to be your guide in the domain of world literature. We have to pave our own path according to our individual abilities. My only purpose for saying this is that world is not about your, mine and their separate farmlands, to know the world in this way suggests a region-centric myopia, similarly literature is not about your, mine or theirs.

Ordinarily we however regard literature through this region-centric (Garmyo) myopic lens. We need to liberate ourselves from this regional conservatism in order to discover the world citizen in world literature, we should endeavour to discover in every writer a sense of wholeness, and within that inclusive wholeness we must discover collective human expression, the time has come for us to take such a pledge.”

Since the advent of cultural studies and world literature studies awareness about intersectionality, standpoint parameters and the importance of translation studies have deconstructed definitions of the canon and grand narratives. Moreover, the emergence of translated literature from all over the world competing for international translation prizes, such as the Booker Prize, has turned the focus not only on the translated text, but the identity of the translator.

One reason for this perhaps is economic. Translation has often been construed as labour of love, implying, unpaid labour. Translators therefore often belong to a class of privilege, as maintaining one’s livelihood, may become a challenge if translating from one language to another, is the only skill one has acquired and translation is a fulltime profession. This is an undeniable fact despite the emergence of what is now being described as the translation industry.

This is why perhaps literary translation is often defined as a passion or mission rather than a high-skilled profession. We may well state that translation is the most democratic and dynamic mode of transcreation,it permits infinite combinations and play with words in a dance of approximation, and the translator can be a creator, an experimenter, the translator may have a fidelity fixation, or a fixation of prioritising the needs of the target readership, so that the source text can be modified and sometimes transformed to accommodate it with the target culture.

The translator solves the problems of translation by dissolving it in another linguistic medium, according to a practising translator.  It is this dis-ease of the translator, that underscores the fact that there will perennially be a gap between the source and target translation, that is at the heart of the many re-translations of the same original text. Can there be a definitive translation? Many will say, definitely not. Despite the problematics that are embedded within translation practices, it is translation as cultural transfer that sensitizes the world about cultural diversity.

The awareness about the specificities of location, race, religion, cultural practices, gender, sexuality and ethnicity can be built through the medium of translated texts. The babel of unfamiliar tongues generating incomprehensible cacophony can be decoded, deconstructed and re-created in the translated target language that will lead to cultural understanding and a sense of universal humanism. Translation of literary texts can be regarded as a cultural activist’s committed crusade to promote cultural understanding that can engender world peace and harmony defeating the destructive agenda of foreign policies that are about power, profit and politics.

The writer and translator Ketaki Kushari Dyson had unequivocally stated that translation is at best a fine art of approximation. It is often a crosscultural bridge spanning time and space, that enhances cultural understanding and enables cultural negotiations. However, it is apparent that there cannot be a definitive translation of a particular text and so for every translator, any original text, though previously translated, remains a challenge, thereby discouraging closure.

A single text can be read and interpreted quite distinctly by different translators, and as a result translation of texts is variable, dependent on the culture, ideology and location of the translator. Translator response is no less crucial than reader response, for fidelity or cannibalism in translation results from the transmission of a particular translator’s response that can be guided by ideology or idiosyncrasy. As a result, in the process of translation, selection and rejection however intelligent and judicious may often become subjective if not biased.

In his much-acclaimed book The Translator’s Invisibility Lawrence Venuti outlined certain parameters that define the objectives of literary translation. Referring to two widely followed translation practices, one being the domestication of the text being translated and the other being the foreignization of the text being translated, Venutti stated, “Translation can be considered the communication of a foreign text, but it is always a communication limited by its address to a specific reading audience. The violent effects of translation are felt at home as well as abroad.

On the one hand, translation wields enormous power in the construction of national identities for foreign cultures, and hence it potentially figures in ethnic discrimination, geopolitical confrontations, colonialism, terrorism, war. On the other hand, translation enlists the foreign text in the maintenance or revision of literary canons in the target-language culture, inscribing poetry and fiction, for example, with the various poetic and narrative discourses that compete for cultural dominance in the target language…”

Translated literature facilitates making familiar the diverse world of races, religion and cultures, the Other no longer remains alien, literary translations construct bridges of cultural understanding, the unknown shrouded in mystery and the mists of ignorance becomes familiar, comprehensible and brings the people of the world closer, emphatically reiterating that universal humanism lies at the core of a literary text, irrespective of its medium of expression. Some incorrigible experts may sometimes rue the losses incurred in literary translation, due to the inadequacies of corresponding words in the source language.

But literary translation is not about semantic jugglery, literary translation is not just about translating words, it is about translating the unknown in definable terms, it is about creating an intimacy between the home and the world. Literary translation is an enabling familiarizing process that deconstructs the traditional pride and prejudices about the unknown, unfamiliar Other. It liberates one from the myopia of national boundaries and creates international cultural understanding through literary texts though the context may be rooted in Bengal, Boston or Brazil.

I conclude with my poem on translation, that I humbly feel addresses the issues discussed so long in a poetic format ~

Lost in translation? When we met Our mutual words transcended Transformed in translation We strung words like pearls Mother tongue and Other tongue A new poem born out of the womb Of a well-known old poem The original home-grown poem Became a global sapling Rooted,uprooted,re-rooted Unique avatar Linguistic transfer Cultural code switching Those are puzzles for sages And heat oppressed brains Ethnic poems in global syntax Global poems in ethnic inscription Smiled in the new dawn Reaching hearts and minds

Liberated from the intense entrapment In either/or- singular tongues Our willing translations Our mutual spinning of words In an Other tongue,in our mother tongue To fill the gaps others hadn’t bridged Insularity and isolation were erased A rainbow of words Not a chaotic Babel Brought us together Isolated islands of words Converged into continents of communion

We never regretted any loss in translation We were incorrigible dreamers,for us Territories and borders were life-threatening We dreamt about bringing together A fractured world with our healing wordsVasudhaivaKutumbakum Our world as a single family In translation We gained an inclusive world We mingled diversity and difference In our several tongues and daring dreams

We translated uninhibited For us,to be transfixed and immobile Was surrender and suicide We translated and translated and translated And our mutual words Became universal symbols, signs and signposts Our adhesive translations made the Other our own Fused into a holistic dream come true Translated,we became indivisible Not you and me,but us.

(Concluded)

(The writer is former Professor Dept. of English, Calcutta University)

Bible translation movement eyes scripture access for all Deaf sign languages by 2033 - Religion News Service - Translation

illumiNations’ ‘I Want to Know’ campaign aims to translate Bible for 70 million Deaf people, 98% with little or no Scripture now

DALLAS — A newly launched movement to make the Bible available in every language in the next 12 years is also aiming to reach 70 million Deaf people who use visual sign language to communicate.

illumiNations, an alliance of the world’s leading Bible translation organizations, has launched the “I Want to Know” campaign, with the goal of giving everyone on earth access to the Bible in their own language by 2033.

For 70 million Deaf people globally, sign language is the first or only language they know and use every day. More than 350 unique sign languages for the Deaf are among the 3,800 languages that don’t yet have a complete Bible translation.

“Many people in America and elsewhere wrongly assume there’s just one universal sign language for the Deaf,” said Chantel Pagan, CEO of Deaf Bible Society, a Texas-based organization that’s part of the illumiNations movement. “They’re shocked when they learn there are actually hundreds of different sign languages, representing many Deaf cultures around the world.”

‘Translation Acceleration’ for the Deaf

With translation accelerated by the illumiNations campaign, Deaf Bible Society is embarking on its most ambitious project ever — making the Bible available to the 98% of Deaf people worldwide who’ve never been introduced to the gospel.

“There are more than 25 sign languages that have some Bible chapters or verses, but over 58 million Deaf people have no access at all to the Scriptures,” Pagan said. “It’s not just the Deaf in poorer countries, but Deaf communities in many developed countries also lack the Bible in their own sign language.”

Only one sign language — American Sign Language — has the entire Bible.

“These are true languages, not mere gestures,” Pagan said. “They’re rich in syntax and grammar. Every sign language is different, so subtle movements — such as leaning forward or raising your eyebrows — have different meanings.”

Advances in technology are helping to supercharge Bible translation efforts globally.

“With video, smartphone apps and the internet, we can create and provide sign language resources like never before,” Pagan said. “We invite everyone to join this movement, so that the Deaf can receive and experience the hope of the gospel.”

‘Largest Ever’ Digital Bible Campaign

Participants in the “I Want to Know” campaign — the largest-ever Bible campaign on social and digital media — can sponsor one translated verse of Scripture for $35. People can also post the verse they “want the world to know” on social media using the hashtag #IWTKBible.

The illumiNations alliance wants all people to have access to Scripture by the year 2033 — a target it’s calling the “All Access Goals.” It means 95% of the world’s population will have access to a full Bible, 99.96% will have access to a New Testament, and 100% will have access to at least some Scripture.

People can learn more about the campaign at illuminations.bible/know and follow illumiNations on Facebook, Instagram and Twitter.

###

illumiNations is a collective-impact alliance of 10 Bible translation organizations committed to providing all people access to Scripture by 2033. Partners include American Bible Society, Biblica, Deaf Bible Society, Lutheran Bible Translators, Pioneer Bible Translators, Seed Company, SIL International, United Bible Societies, The Word for the World, and Wycliffe Bible Translators USA. Learn more at illuminations.bible.

Contact:
Gregg Wooding
972-567-7660
[email protected]

Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Religion News Service or Religion News Foundation.

Mexican Ambassador visits Translation Center in Baku [PHOTO] - AzerNews - Translation

By Laman Ismayilova

The Mexican Ambassador to Azerbaijan Juan Rodrigo Labardini Flores has recently visited the State Translation Center (AzSTC) in Baku. 

The meeting highlighted the recently translated and published book selected works by world-famous Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes, who contributed to the promotion of Mexican literature worldwide as well as videoconferencing through the website of Mexico's  Ministry of Foreign Affairs "Cultural Diplomacy".

In his remarks Juan Rodrigo Labardini Flores stressed that Azerbaijan pays great attention to the Mexican literature.

"Azerbaijan attaches great importance to Mexican literature, and the publication of works by famous Mexican writers at such a high level of quality amazes us in the fullest sense of the word. This latest edition, published by the State Translation Center in recent days, made me reread the novels "The Death of Artemio Cruz" and "Aura by Carlos Fuentes". Our specialists highly appreciated the quality of the translation of works. Once again, I offer my sincere thanks to the Center for this significant event," he said. 

Carlos Fuentes is considered one of the leading figures of magic realism, his novels have been translated into 24 languages. His numerous literary honors include the National Prize for Arts and Sciences (1984), Miguel de Cervantes Prize (1987), Ruben Dario Prize (1994) and Pablo Picasso medal (1995).

AzSTC has recently published selected works by Mexican writer in the Azerbaijani language.

"The Death of Artemio Cruz", "Aura" and a short story "Chac Mool" are among the selected works of the Mexican writer.

The book was translated by Saday Budagly, and edited by Etimad Bashkechid and Salam Sarvan.

The Ambassador also pointed out that magazines "Caratula" (Nicaragua) and "Poesia" (Venezuela) as well as the "Poetry newspaper" at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (Universidad Nacional Mexico (UNAM)) are ready to cooperate with AzSTC to promote Azerbaijani literature. 

Founded in 2014, AzTC is an executive body which focuses on translation work, socio-political, scientific, technical, literary and cultural ties from the point of view of language and translation.

Its core functions include organizing and promoting Azerbaijani literature worldwide and world literature in Azerbaijan.

The Translation Center oversees the standard of translation in the republic and improves its quality.

Over the past time, the State Translation Center has published Azerbaijani version of "Shah of Shahs" book by the renowned Polish writer and publicist Ryszard Kapuscinski.

The book describes the social-political processes in Iran leading to the downfall of the Pahlavi dynasty. It also includes the author’s thoughts on writing excellence, scientific articles, speeches and interviews.

"Shah of Shahs" was translated by Vilayat Guliyev and edited by Mahir Garayev.

Ryszard Kapuscinski is famous for his non-fiction work "Emperor" published in 1978. His works "Imperium" (1993), "The Shadow of the Sun"(1999) and "Travels with Herodotus" (2004) won a "Book of the Year" award in Poland.

His numerous honors include "Hanseatic Goethe Prize", "Viareggio Prize", "Elsa Morante" "International Journalists" and others. He was also considered as a candidate for the Nobel Prize for literature.

Moreover, the State Translation Center has released a book "About the mysteries of filmmaking" by the renowned Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky.

"About the mysteries of filmmaking" includes the author's thoughts, scientific articles, as well as speeches and interviews on cinematic excellence.

The book was translated by Farhad Abdullayev and edited by Rabiga Nazimgizi.

Andrei Tarkovsky is a world famous filmmaker, theatre director, film theorist and screenwriter. His first film "Ivan’s childhood" was recognized as a major event in world cinematography and awarded the "Golden Lion" at the Venice Film Festival.

--

Follow us on Twitter @AzerNewsAz  

Courtesy Translation: Wiesbaden tightens rules on mouth-nose protection in ESWE transportation - DVIDS - Translation

Official press release from the state capital Wiesbaden, 26 April 2021
Courtesy Translation: Nadine Bower, USAG Wiesbaden Public Affairs

New draft law tightens rules on mouth-nose protection in ESWE transportation

A new version of the Federal Infection Protection Act has entered into force. The following rule applies from now on: If the seven-day incidence in Wiesbaden is over 100 for three days in a row, an FFP2 mask (or comparable, i.e. masks of type FFP3, KN95 or N95) must be worn starting the next day. This applies to buses and trains of public transport, in station buildings, on platforms and at bus stops. A medical face mask (op mask) is no longer enough.

As soon as the nationwide "emergency brake" is no longer in force, a medical face mask can be worn as mouth-nose cover in the areas mentioned in addition to the FFP2 or comparable face masks.

Anybody above the age of six must wear a mouth-nose cover. Only persons who cannot wear mouth-nose coverings for health reasons are excluded. A corresponding certificate is required. Deaf and hard-of-hearing people and their accompanying persons are also exempt from this obligation. Detailed information on the approved face masks can be found on the pages of the Federal Institute for Medicinal Products and Medical Devices. A daily overview of the mask obligation in Wiesbaden public transport can be found on https://ift.tt/3xqaNbS.

Timetable offer is maintained

Despite the "emergency brake" and associated restrictions in public life as well as the change to distance learning at Wiesbaden schools, ESWE Verkehr maintains the current timetable. ESWE Verkehr continues to use all available long buses, so that passengers can spread out inside the buses. Nevertheless, the mobility service provider asks all passengers who are able to, to avoid the rush hours on weekdays between 7 am and 8.30 am and between 4 pm and 6 pm, if possible.

Source: https://ift.tt/3xoBspi

Date Taken:	04.26.2021
Date Posted:	04.26.2021 10:20
Story ID:	394731
Location:	WIESBADEN, HE, DE

---

Web Views:	2
Downloads:	0

---

PUBLIC DOMAIN  

This work, Courtesy Translation: Wiesbaden tightens rules on mouth-nose protection in ESWE transportation, by Nadine Bower, identified by DVIDS, must comply with the restrictions shown on https://ift.tt/2vbbNT7.

Lost in translation: Afghan interpreters fear for future after US troops' exit - Arab News - Translation

KABUL: It was in late 2013 when Ahmad Fatah says he openly worked as a translator for the US military and often accompanied the troops during patrols and raids on suspected Taliban insurgents in Afghanistan’s eastern Logar province.

Several residents of Logar, Fatah’s birthplace, knew about his occupation too when he, along with thousands of other Afghan interpreters, assisted and protected American troops during their fight against the Taliban for decades after the September 11, 2001 attacks, treating their safety as an afterthought and living in fear of the insurgent group who consider them traitors or collaborators.

Washington was heavily reliant on the language skills and cultural knowledge of local translators — with many well-versed in English, Dari and Pashtu — to interpret conversations between US forces and the Taliban.

Today, Fatah, whose name has been changed for his own protection, lives in Kabul since moving there in mid-2014 at the age of 24, after receiving a death threat for “betraying the country and Islam by working with US invaders.”

Fatah says soon after receiving that phone call he informed his former employers at the US military in Afghanistan of the warning in the hope of being granted a Special Immigration Visa (SIV) and migrate to America.

He reached a dead end there too.

“I was told that I did not fit the criteria as the SIVs are given to those who have served for at least two years, but they promised to help me,” Fatah told Arab News at a park in Kabul on Saturday where he, along with several other translators, had gathered to protest against the lack of protection offered to them by the US and other countries employing their services during the war.

The military is not giving convincing answers to some of the translators.

Javid Mahmoudi

His fears have increased since the announcement of a planned exit of US troops from Afghanistan on Sept. 11, with Fatah and dozens of Afghan interpreters afraid of being murdered by the Taliban once the forces leave.

Since 2014, No One Left Behind, a nonprofit organization, has cataloged more than 300 cases in which the Taliban and other terrorist groups have killed interpreters or family members — many of whom were waiting for visas to the US — while a 2014 report by International Refugee Assistance Project, a nonprofit based in New York City, estimated that an Afghan interpreter was being killed every 36 hours.

Belonging to various regions of Afghanistan, the protesters demanded that they be resettled in the US through SIVs.

According to the US State Department, nearly 13,000 SIVs have been granted to Afghan nationals since 2014. However, it offers little solace for 19,000 Afghans who are still waiting for the State Department to decide their fate.

“The Americans are leaving, but what about us? What are they doing about our fate? We risked our lives for working with them,” Fatah said.

Esmatullah Faizi, from eastern Nangarhar province, said that he had applied for an SIV in 2018 but had yet to hear back from authorities on its progress.

“They (US officials) keep saying your case is under review, and we will inform you. I do not know what will happen; people (translators) are afraid because America has set September 11th as its last drawdown period,” he said.

Javid Mahmoudi, another translator from Parwan, north of Kabul, said that he was in touch with other interpreters in Afghanistan “who could not make it to the protest, but were afraid about their future.”

“The military is not giving convincing answers to some of the translators,” he told Arab News.

Participants of the protest said that they would begin a sit-in outside the US embassy in Kabul soon because officials were “not responding to their calls,” and they had no access to them to “to talk about our fears and our future.”

When contacted by Arab News for a comment, the State Department said that it takes its role in managing the SIV program very “seriously.”

“We are engaged at the highest levels to ensure we are serving SIV applicants as promptly as possible,” a US embassy foreign officer, who requested anonymity, said.

“Everyone involved in the Special Immigrant Visa process, whether in Washington or at our embassy in Kabul, is aware of the threats our Afghan colleagues face,” he said, adding that the State Department had “prioritized the Afghan SIV program by identifying program needs and directing additional resources toward two stages of the Afghan SIV process.”

Citing US State Department spokeswoman Ned Price, the official said that Washington has also increased “resources to the SIV program” and taken “steps to prioritize applications from interpreters and translators.”

“We have given extra consideration to those who have helped in combat operations. This will remain a priority going forward,” he said.

Aimed at supporting Afghans and Iraqis who came under threat for their work with the US military and other entities, the SIV program involves a lengthy application process with an average waiting time of three years.

It has faced delays since last year due to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 outbreak.

Meanwhile, addressing the plight of the Afghan interpreters, the International Refugee Assistance Project (IRAP), a US-based legal and advocacy organization that researched SIVs in Afghanistan and Iraq, said: “For more than a decade . . . the SIV programs have provided a pathway to safety for Iraqis and Afghans whose service . . . has exposed them and their families to threats, harm, and death.”

“Tens of thousands of Iraqis and Afghans have been safely resettled to the United States . . . The process, however, has not been smooth,” it said on its website.

“Over the years, the SIV programs have been beset by technical, practical, and political obstacles and inefficiencies that have hampered their operation and threatened the promise that the US government made to these allies for their service.”

How this attorney got the N-word removed from dictionary - Face2Face Africa - Dictionary

It was around Christmas of 1993 when the niece of attorney Roy Miller from Macon, Georgia was given the new edition of Funk & Wagnalls Standard Desk Dictionary. But by March the following year when Miller visited his 13-year-old niece, he realized she looked “sad” and “depressed”. She told him that she didn’t want the dictionary anymore.

Knowing how excited she was when she first received the dictionary bought from a grocery store in Macon, Georgia, Miller was shocked by her change of attitude, so he was determined to know why. His niece told him that she wasn’t comfortable with the definition of the N-word.

The Funk & Wagnalls dictionary’s definition of the N-word was: “nigger n. A negro or member of any dark-skinned people; a vulgar and offensive term (See Negro).”

More about this

“When I read the definition, I was outraged. I immediately realized that the old definition that applied the N-word to any race had changed,” Miller said, according to Black News. “The change only gave a description, not a definition. It merely suggested to the reader that if you don’t know what a Nigger is, just look at a Negro or dark-skinned person and you’ll find out.”

“This definition could never apply to an innocent Black child,” he continued. “The term ‘nigger’ had belittled and confused my niece, causing her to question her identity. I asked myself how Funk & Wagnalls could justify in its 1993 edition that whatever vulgar and offensive things that niggers are supposedly known to do could only apply to a Negro or dark-skinned person (including an innocent Black child).”

Miller, who was all for justice and racial equality, went on to ask several of his Black, White, Hispanic, and Asian friends what they thought of the definition, and they all agreed that it is “degrading.” The Black attorney subsequently wrote to Funk & Wagnall on March 17, 1994, stating why the word should be removed. He outlined the negative impact of the word, particularly on children – not only Black children but children of all races.

“Why confuse a child of any color with this definition? Children are pure at heart and not responsible for bad relationships of the past. No child should ever have to wonder whether or not he or she is a nigger,” the attorney would later explain his position.

A few weeks after writing to Funk & Wagnall, Leon L. Bram, Vice President & Editorial Director, replied in a letter dated March 31, 1994, stating that the word would be deleted from all forthcoming printings. “Mr. Miller, your niece is fortunate in having an uncle as concerned and caring as you,” he wrote.

That year, Miller, who was also a professional solo R&B and gospel recording artist, made headlines not for his music, but for the fact that he had succeeded in getting rid of the infamous N-word slur from a major dictionary. His feat was reported in the May 1994 edition of Macon, GA.

The N-word to date is seen as the “filthiest” and “dirtiest” word in the English language. It can be traced back in history to slavery. “It’s really tied into the idea that African people aren’t really human beings,” Kehinde Andrews, professor of black studies at Birmingham City University, was quoted by the BBC in 2020.

“They were more like an animal than a human being, a beast of burden, could be bought and sold, could be thrown overboard ships and literally had no rights.

“So when the N-word is used that’s essentially what it’s used for.”